ASPEK HUKUM TERHADAP GANTI RUGI PENCEMARAN MIGAS LINTAS BATAS YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH OFFSHORE ACTIVIES

Arfi Fazrian, Nurdin Nurdin

Abstract


Polluter Pay’s Principle, which ones of principle of compensation in international environmental law, exploitation oil and gas activities on offshore areas would be damage not only the jurisdiction of the sea areas belong to coastal states but also spread to jurisdiction of other coastal states. So that, the states which exposed damage are involving compensation to remedy the environment of the sea that tainted. The wrote Thesis has aimed to know and to explain concerning regulations and mechanism toward compensation of transboundary oil and gas pollution caused by offshore activity based on International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation 1990. Convention on Civil Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources 1977. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context 2001 and regulations in Indonesia. In order to obtain data in this wrote Thesis has been doing library research. That is to learn and to analyze the Conventions, the Regulations, text books, news paper, journal and any literate have related to this Thesis. The resulted of this Thesis explaining the regulations toward compensation of transboundary oil and gas pollution caused by offshore activities have not been be regulated definitely, because the regulations have not yet entry into force. But, The parties that wanted compensation are operator from offshore installation, whereas the claim could be propose when the activity to repair of marine environment tried to be done and together with party of origin to do study about Environmental Impact Assessment. Mechanism for giving compensation could be done with two ways, through insurance of environment and special body in this case is OPOL Association Limited. Based on the explanation, recommended to any states are studying exhaustive and doing the convention related transboundary oil and gas pollution caused by offshore Activities. Furthermore, recommended to Indonesian government is doing regional cooperation with ASEAN Countries, Asia Pacific and Australia and also ratify Espoo Convention.

Full Text:

PDF

References


A. BUKU

Abdulkadir Muhammad, Hukum Perusahaan Indonesia, Citra Aditya Bakti: Jakarta. 2010.

Amiruddin dan Zainal Asikin, Pengantar Metode Penelitian Hukum, Gravindo Persada: Jakarta. 2004.

Adji Sumekto, Negara dalam Dimensi Hukum Internasional, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti: Bandung. 2009.

Alan Boyle, “Impact of International Law and Policy” dalam Environmental Regulation and Economic Growth, Clarendon Press: Oxford. 1994.

Alexander Kiss & Dinah Shelton , International Enviromental Law, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 2007.

Andri G. WIbisana, Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Lingkungan, FH UI: Jakarta. 2014.

Daud Silalahi, Hukum Lingkungan Dalam sistem Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia, Alumni: Bandung. 2001.

Esmaili, Hossain, The Legal Regime of Offshore Oil Rigs in International Law, Ashgate Dartmouth: Aldershot. 2001.

Gavouneli, Maria, Pollution from Offshore Installations, Graham & Trotman Press: London. 1995.

Harald Hohmann, Precautionary Legal Duties and Principles of Modern International Environmental Law: The precautionary principle: International Environmental Law between Exploitation and Protection, Graham & Trotman: London. 1994.

Ida Bagus Wiyasa Putra, Hukum Lingkungan Internasional Prespektif Bisnis Internasional, Refika Aditama: Bandung. 2003.

Jack, Jacobs. A new look at environmental impact assessments: using customary law to prevent domestic and transboundary environmental damage, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: UK. 2008.

Komar Kantaatmadja, Ganti Rugi Internasional Pencemaran Minyak di Laut, Alumni: Bandung. 1982.

________, Beberapa Masalah Sekitar Ganti Rugi Polusi Minyak di Laut, Lembaga Penelitian Hukum FH UNPAD: Bandung. 1977.

Martens, E.W. A Literature Review of the Biological Impact of Oil Spil in Marine Waters, National Academy of Science: Washington DC. 1973.

Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Bunga Rampai Hukum Laut, Bina Cipta: Jakarta. 1978.

_________, Konsep-Konsep Hukum Dalam Pembangunan, Alumni: Bandung. 2006.

Michael Mason, Transnational Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage: Examining Changing Spatialities of Environmental Liability, Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics: London.

Michael Faure, A Shift Toward Alternative Compensation Mechanisms for Environmental Damage, Springer Wien: New York. 2007.

N.H.T. Siahaan, Ekologi Pembangunan Dan Hukum Tata Lingkungan, Erlangga: Jakarta. 1987.

Philippe Sands, Principles of International Evironmental Law, Manchester University Press: England. 1995.

Soerjono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat, PT Raja Grafindo Persada: Jakarta. 2009.

Subekti, cet. Ke-32 Pokok-Pokok Hukum Perdata, Jakarta: Intermasa. 2005.

Taverne, Bernard, Petroleum, Industry and Governments: A study of the Involvement of Industry and Governments in the Production and Use of Petroleum, Second Edition, Kluwer Law International B.V: The Netherlands. 2008.

WCED, Our Common Future, Oxford University Press: Oxford. 1987.

B. JURNAL

Aili Zong, Liability Regime Concerning The Oil Pollution Rising From Offshore Facilities, Oslo University, Thesis Master of Law. 2016.

Australia Government, Final Montara Inquairy Report, 2011.

BPHN Departemen Hukum dan Ham RI, Perencanaan Pembangunan Hukum Nasional Bidang Lingkungan Hidup, Jakarta: Kemenkumham, 2007.

Purwatinigsih dan Masykur, Eksplorasi dan Eksploitasi Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi di Laut Natuna Bagian Utara Laut Yurisdiksi Nasional Untuk Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan masyarakat di Kepulauan Natuna., Jurnal Reformasi, Volume 2, Nomor 2, Juli – Desember 2012.

Alfa, Lintin, Dkk, Perhitungan Biaya Kerugian Akibat Tumpahan Minyak Montara di Pesisir Nusa Tenggara Timur, ITS, Surabaya.

Daniel B. Shilliday, Contractual Risk-Shifting In Offshore Energy Operations, Tulane Law Review, Volume 81, Numbers 5 & 6, June 2007.

Denis V. Rodin, Offshore transboundary petroleum deposits: cooperation as a customary obligation, Small Master’s Thesis Masters of Laws in Law of the Sea University of Troms , 2011.

De Sadeleer, Nicolas Michel, The Polluter-Pays Principle in EU Law - Bold Case Law and Poor Harmonisation (2012).

Harjasoemantri, Koesnadi. 1998. Strict Liability (Tanggung Jawab Mutlak). Paper presented at the Lokakarya Legal Standing & Class Action, Hotel Kartika Chandra, Jakarta.

Laura Siahainena , Pencemaran Laut Dampak dan Penaggulangannya, Makalah Falsafah Sains Program, Pasca Sarjana Institute Pertanian Bogor, 2001.

Lyons, Youna, Transboundary Pollution from Offshore Oil and Gas Activities in the Seas of Southeast Asia. Centre for Internastional Law. 2012.

Marsudi Triamodjo, Anatomi Hukum Lingkungan Internasional: Sistem Generik Penyangga Kehidupan Umat Manusia, Mimbar Hukum 34 (2), FH UGM, Yogyakarta, 2000.

M. AJiesatria, Pengalaman DIplomasi Indonesia Dalam Sengketa Tumpahan Minyak Montara Dan Kebutuhan Hukum Regional ASEAN, Jurnal Opinio Juris, Vol. 18 Mei-September 2015.

OECD, Liability for Environmental Damage In Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, 2012.

Oktoriana Saleh, Pencemaran Laut Oleh Ladang Minyak Montara: responsibility and liability, Opinio Juris vol. 01 Jan-Mar 2010.

Oluf Langhelle, Sustainable Development and Social Justice: Expanding the Rawlsian Framework of Global Justice, Environmental Values, Vol. 9, 2000.

Sciculina, Nikita, A Legal Discussion On Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Resulting From Offshore Oil Rigs In the Light of the Recent Deepwater Horizon Incident, UNEP, ATHENS, 2013.

Soetandyo Wignjosoebroto, Penelitian Hukum : Sebuah Tipologi, Makalah Masyarakat Indonesia, Tahun ke-1 No.2, 1974.

Tridoyo Kusumastanto, Pemberdayaan Sumberdaya Kelautan, perikanan dan Perhubungan Laut Dalam Abad XXI, Ekonomi Kelautan- IPB, Bogor.

World Energy Council, Marine Energy, 2013.

C. INTERNET

Australia, Final Government Response to the Report of the Montara Comission of Inquiry, http://www.ag.gov.au/cca. diakses pada 10 Maret 2017.

CIDES Indonesia, Kasus Montara dan Good Governance, http://cidesindonesia.org/?p=48. Diakses pada 6 September 2016.

Departemen Pengelolaan Devisa, METADATA, http://www.bi.go.id/id/statistik/metadata/seki/documents/21metadata_cad_v_indonesiaupdate.pdf , diakses pada 27 Maret 2017.

ESDM, PTTEP Ganti Rugi Warga US$ 5 Juta, Pencemaran Laut Timur, http://www.migas.esdm.go.id/tracking/beritakemigasan/detil/257425/PTTEP-Ganti-Rugi-Warga-US$-5-Juta-Pencemaran-Laut-Timor. diakses pada 8 Maret 2017.

OECD, principle concerning transfrontier pollution. http://acts.oecd.org/Instruments/ShowInstrumentView.aspx?InstrumentID=23&InstrumentPID=21&Lang=en&Book=False. Diakses pada 8 Maret 2016.

SKK MIgas, Mengelola Migas Untuk Kepentingan Bangsa, http://www.skkmigas.go.id/mengelola-migas-untuk-kepentingan-bangsa. diakses pada 16 Oktober 2016.

UNECE, Introduction to Espoo Convention, https://www.unece.org/env/eia/eia.html, diakses pada 29 Maret 2017.

D. REGULASI INTERNASIONAL

Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Resulting from Exploration and Exploitation of Seabed Mineral Resources 1977.

Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context 2001.

Draft Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Act. International Law Commission.

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC).

The International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Funds 1992.

International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Coorporation 1990.

UNECE, Guidence on the Practical Application of the Espoo Convention.

United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea 1982.

E. PENGATURAN REGULASI NASIONAL

Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata Indonesia.

Offshore Pollution Liability (OPOL) 2016.

Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan.

Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup.

Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang Ratifikasi UNCLOS 1982.

Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1983 tentang ZEE.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2018 Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Bidang Hukum Kenegaraan

Gedung Redaksi

JURNAL ILMIAH MAHASISWA BIDANG HUKUM KENEGARAAN

Fakultas Hukum Universitas Syiah Kuala  
Jalan Putroe Phang No.1. Darussalam, Provinsi Aceh, 23111 
Telp: (0651) 7410147, 7551781. Fax: 7551781   
e-mail: jimhukumkenegaraan@unsyiah.ac.id

ISSN : 2597-6885 (ONLINE)